PTAS 1150 - Kinesiology-Lecture

Credit Hours: 3.00

Objectives: The student will:

1. Describe accessory joint movement necessary for normal joint function for the synovial joints of the spine and extremities.
2. Describe the concept of convex/concave articulatory movement.
3. Describe joint motion using appropriate terminology for the joints of the spine and extremity.
4. Identify joint classification (i.e., ball and socket, plane synovial gliding joint, etc.) to each of the joints of the spine and extremities.
5. Identify plane of motion dominance for the joints of the extremities and spine.
6. Differentiatiate between various types of jiont structure and their unique functions

Outcome 2: Upon completion of this course, students will be able to identify and describe biomechanical principles as they relate to human body motion and stability.

Objectives: The student will:

1. Identify the 3 classes of lever systems and apply them to human movement.
2. Describe the law of acceleration and its application to human movement.
3. Identify the three planes of motion and axes of motion.
4. Identify the three planes of motion and axis of motion.
5. Differentiate open and closed‐kinematic chain activities of the extremities.

Outcome 3: Upon completion of this course, students will be able to describe and identify types of muscle contractions and their role in human motion.

Objectives: The student will:

1. Define 3 types of muscle contraction (concentric, eccentric and isometric).
2. Describe each type of muscle contraction with exercise.

Outcome 4: Upon completion of this course, students will be able to discuss isolated joint motions vs. functional multiple joint motions in the extremities.

Objectives: The student will:

1. Demonstrate isolated joint motion for the joints of the spine and extremities.
2. Demonstrate functional motions of the spine and extremities in both open and closed kinematic chain scenarios.
3. Differentiate between isolated joint motion and functional motion in pictures and when analyzing activities.
4. Describe the impact of biomechanical deficits on human movement

Outcome 5: Upon completion of this course, students will be able to identify prime muscle action and innervations of major muscles of the extremities and spine.

Objectives: The student will:

1. Identify concentric and eccentric actions of major muscles of the spine and extremities.
2. Describe primary muscle actins required for a designated movement/activity
3. Describe primary muscle actions required for a designated movement/activity.

Outcome 6: Upon completion of this course, students will be able to identify and describe the components of normal and abnormal body mechanics and gait.

Objectives: The student will:

1. Describe the determinants of gait.
2. Define key terminology as it relates to the gait cycle.
3. Describe kinematic joint motions that occur a the hip, knee and ankle with closed‐chain pronation and supination during gait.
4. Identify major muscle group actions at various phases during the gait cycle.
5. Identify arm and trunk contributions to gait.
6. Explain rationale of contralateral use of cane or crutch.

1. Kinematics
   1. Introduction to the basic concepts of joint motion.
      Objective ‐‐ the student will be able to:
      1. Identify the planes and axes and their relationship to joint motion
      2. Identify the motions which occur in each plane
      3. Use proper anatomical terms of reference
      4. Describe the difference between open and closed kinematic chains
      5. Describe degrees of freedom and how it related to joint motion
      6. List and describe diarthrodial joints and their characteristics
      7. Define and describe osteokinematics vs. arthrokinematics
      8. Describe convex/concave relationship in arthrokinematics
   2. Special topics covered:
      1. Kinesiology - definition
      2. Kinematics
         1. Osteokinematics
         2. Arthrokinematics
      3. Planar classification of position and motion
      4. Kinematic chains - open and closed Kinematic chains - open and closed
      5. Convex/concave relationship in arthrokinematics vs osteokinematics
      6. Classification of joint movement Classification of joint movement
      7. Joint nutrition and lubrication
      8. Pathology and clinical considerations
2. Kinetics - Biomechanics
   1. Introduction to the forces that produce human motion.
      Objective‐‐the student will be able to:
      1. Identify and describe the classes of levers and their function in the human body
      2. Describe forces as vectors and how they affect motion/muscle torque in the human body
      3. Define muscle torque and describe how it creates human joint motion
      4. Define movement arms and their clinical relevance
      5. Describe and identify center of gravity of the body and the effects of gravity on the body
      6. Discuss biomechanical principles of force systems to body equilibrium
      7. Describe the leer system and discuss its application to the musculoskeletal system
      8. Define principles of stability and describe the relationship of gravity to base of support
      9. Relate functional body mechanics to human movement and problem prevention.
   2. Specific topics covered:
      1. Static biomechanics: basic principles
         1. Axes of rotation
         2. Force
         3. Center of gravity
         4. Lever arm and muscle attachments
         5. Movement arm
         6. Torque
      2. Dynamic motion
         1. Lever systems
         2. Effects of lever lengths
         3. Torque and angle of pull
      3. Gravity
         1. Center of gravity - human body (posture)
         2. Principles of stability
         3. Body mechanics and effects of lever lengths
         4. Center of gravity as it related to changing body positions
      4. Forces occurring between articular surfaces
      5. Effects of faulty body alignment
3. Muscle Function
   1. Objective ‐‐the student will be able to:
      1. Define the origin and insertion of a muscle, tendon, ligament, and joint capsule
      2. List the characteristics of skeletal muscle
      3. List muscle fiber arrangements and describe how it related to function
      4. Identify and describe three types of muscle contractions
      5. Define and identify agonist and antagonist
      6. Briefly discuss muscle excitation and contraction
      7. Briefly discuss muscle excitation and contraction
      8. Discuss the length‐tension relationships of muscle and how active/passive insufficiency is utilized for normal movement
      9. Relate the principles of manual muscle testing to muscle function
      10. Identify the role and function of the PTA in manual muscle testing.
   2. Specific tasks covered:
      1. Characteristics of muscle
      2. Structure of muscleb. Structure of muscle
      3. Muscle fiber arrangement and function
      4. Actions/function of muscle
      5. Physiological mechanism of muscle contraction
      6. Principles of manual muscle testing
4. Face and Head
   1. Objective‐‐the student will be able to:
      1. Identify the major muscles of facial expression and their nerve innervation
      2. Identify the muscles of mastication and their innervations
      3. Identify and describe the anatomical structure of the temporomandibular joint
      4. Identify and describe the normal arthrokinematic joint vs. osteokinematic motion of the temporomandibular joint.
      5. Identify the muscles utilized during normal opening and closing of the jaw.
   2. Special topics covered:
      1. Temporomandibular joint
         1. Osteokinematics
         2. Anatomy - skeletal and disc
         3. Capsule and ligaments
         4. Muscles
         5. Arthrokinematics
         6. Muscle group action
      2. Facial muscles and action
      3. Facial muscles and action
      4. Cranial nerve III and VII
5. Shoulder Girdle and Shoulder
   1. Objective‐‐the student will be able to:
      1. Identify and describe the four joints which comprise the shoulder and shoulder girdle
      2. Identify the skeletal structures and ligaments that make‐up the shoulder and shoulder girdle
      3. Identify the muscles which comprise the rotator cuff; describe their function
      4. Describe scapulohumeral rhythm and muscles which produce this motion
      5. Define and give an example of a force couple
      6. List the normal ROM and motions which occur at the shoulder and shoulder girdle
      7. Describe the normal arthrokinematics that occur at the shoulder
      8. Identify prime muscle actions of all muscles of shoulder and shoulder girdle
      9. List prime moves for each joint motion
      10. Analyze functional movements involving the shoulder, shoulder girdle, and scapula
      11. Explain how passive and active insufficiency affect shoulder motion
   2. Special topics covered:
      1. Shoulder complex - composition
      2. Glenohumeral joint
         1. Motions
         2. Skeletal anatomy, ligaments and capsule
         3. Muscles
         4. Joint stabilization
         5. Muscular force couple
      3. Sternoclavicular joint
      4. Acromioclavicular joint
      5. Scapulothoracic joint
         1. Motions
         2. Skeletal anatomy
         3. Muscles
         4. Force couple
         5. Scapulohumeral rhythm
      6. Shoulder motion relationship to multi‐joint muscles of elbow
6. Elbow, Wrist and Hand
   1. Objective‐‐the student will be able to:
      1. Identify the joints of the elbow, forearm, wrist and hand
      2. Identify the skeletal anatomy that comprise the elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand joints
      3. List and describe the ligaments that are found at the elbow, forearm, writs and hand joints
      4. List the normal ROM and motions which occur at the elbow, forearm, wrist and hand joints
      5. Identify the muscle actions and nerve innervations of all muscles discussed
      6. List the prime movers for each joint motion
      7. Analyze functional movements of the elbow, forearm, wrist and hand
      8. Describe the brachial plexus and its relationships to upper extremity function
      9. Discuss isolated joint motion vs multi‐joint motion
      10. Identify positions of active and passive insufficiency; explain how it affects elbow and wrist motion.
      11. Describe normal arthrokinematics of the elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand vs. osteokinematics
   2. Special topics covered:
      1. Elbow joint
         1. Skeletal anatomy
         2. Ligaments
         3. Motions and muscles
         4. Arthrokinematics
      2. Forearms
         1. Skeletal anatomy
         2. Ligaments
         3. Actions and muscles
         4. Arthrokinematics
      3. Relationships of multi‐joint muscles to elbow and wrist Relationships of multi‐joint muscles to elbow and wrist
      4. Wrist complex
         1. Skeletal anatomy
         2. Joints and ROM
         3. Ligaments
         4. Actions and muscles
         5. Arthrokinematics
      5. Hand complex
         1. Joints
         2. Skeletal anatomy
         3. Ligaments
         4. Motion and ROM
         5. Arthrokinematics
         6. Muscles and actions
         7. Relationship of active and passive insufficiency to wrist motion
      6. Brachial plexus and nerve innervation to upper extremity muscles
7. Thorax
   1. Objective‐‐the student will be able to:
      1. Describe the skeletal framework of the thorax
      2. Identify and define the thoracic inlet and outlet
      3. Describe the movements of the thorax
      4. Describe muscle function and attachments of the thorax and nerve innervation
      5. Describe basic biomechanical anatomical relationships of respiration
      6. Describe the anatomical relationship of the brachial plexus to the thorax
   2. Special topics covered:
      1. Anatomical skeletal framework of thorax
      2. Joints
      3. Movements
      4. Muscle actions
      5. Respiration
         1. Anatomical relationship
         2. Muscle actions
      6. Thoracic inlet and outlet
8. Spine and Trunk
   1. Objective ‐‐ the student will be able to:
      1. Identify and describe normal curves of the spine and their functions
      2. Identify and list abnormal curves of the spine
      3. Describe normal trunk and cervical spine motions and their normal ROM
      4. Identify and describe the muscles of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine; identify their nerve innervation
      5. Identify the prime movers of the neck and trunk motions
      6. Identify normal basic arthrokinematics of spine motion
   2. Special topics covered:
      1. Vertebral column - regions and curves
         1. Regions and curves
         2. Skeletal structure and disc
         3. Joints and motion
      2. Ligaments
      3. Joint biomechanics
      4. Regional structure and function
      5. Muscle and actions
9. Pelvic Girdle and Hip
   1. Objective ‐‐ the student will be able to:
      1. Identify the skeletal anatomy that comprise the pelvis and hip
      2. Identify the joints of the pelvis and hip
      3. Identify and list major stabilizing ligaments of the pelvis and hip
      4. Describe movements and prime movers for each joint motion
      5. List the normal ROM for the hip
      6. Identify muscle actions of the hip/pelvis and their nerve innervations
      7. Identify normal arthrokinematic motions of the hip
      8. List examples of one‐joint vs two‐joint muscles; isolate selected muscle groups through active insufficiency
      9. Identify abnormal postures of the pelvis and hip
      10. Describe the lumbosacral plexus and its relationships to the lower extremity muscles
   2. Special topics covered:
      1. Hip joint - structure and function
      2. Anatomical structure
         1. Pelvis
         2. Hip joint
      3. Abnormal angulation of femur
      4. Ligaments
      5. Muscle, action and function
      6. Pelvic and femoral motions
      7. Arthrokinematics
      8. Lumbo‐sacral plexus
10. Knee, Ankle and Foot
    1. Objective‐‐ the student will be able to:
       1. Identify the skeletal anatomy that comprise the knee, ankle, and foot joints
       2. Identify the joints of the knee, ankle and foot
       3. Identify and list the major stabilizing ligaments of the knee, ankle, and foot
       4. Describe the movements and prime movers for each joint motion
       5. List the normal ROM for knee, talocrural and subtalar joints
       6. Identify the prime muscle action of musculature of the knee, ankle, and foot; their nerve innervation
       7. Identify normal arthrokinematic motions of the knee, ankle, and foot
       8. List examples of one‐joint vs two‐joints muscles and isolate selected muscle groups through active insufficiency
       9. Identify abnormal postures of the knee, ankle and foot
    2. Specific topics covered:
       1. Knee
          1. Joints - skeletal anatomy and meniscus
          2. Ligaments
          3. Motions, muscle and function
          4. Arthrokinematics
          5. Abnormal postures
       2. Talocrural joint
          1. Skeletal anatomy
          2. Ligaments
          3. Motions and muscles
          4. Arthrokinematics
          5. Abnormal postures
       3. Subtalar
          1. Joints
          2. Skeletal anatomy
          3. Ligaments
          4. Motions and muscles
          5. Arthrokinematics
          6. Abnormal postures
11. Gait
    1. Objective‐‐the student will be able to:
       1. Describe the relationships of the center of gravity to normal gait
       2. Describe the normal gait cycle and define the terms used to describe normal gait
       3. Describe the basic phases of gait
       4. Identify and describe the joint movements (critical events) necessary for normal gait to occur
       5. Identify critical muscle activity that occurs during normal gait
       6. Identify movements in selected functional activities: running, stair climbing
    2. Specific topics covered:
       1. Basic concepts of gait
       2. Center of gravity
       3. Gait cycle and phases
       4. Basic determinants of gait
       5. Critical events
       6. Critical muscle activity